The Cosby Show American the Different Sides

The Cosby Show changed the stereotypical roles that were usually handed to black films and movies. Before the Cosby Show there were shows like Sandford & Son and Good Times that portrayed black in poverty. The Cosby Show however focused on issues that pertained to everyone with a focus on black people. They addressed issues such as pregnancy, educatiion, marriage, and even touched on music. The days of poor black in television and movies are gone. Wtaching an episode of the Cosby Show is an inspiration to everyone who sees it. Being able to watch where there is a black family not struggling to pay the rent is rejuvenatihng t6o me. We have a husband who is a doctor and a wife that is an attorney that shows examples of what living in America is like from a educational point of view versus just what a sterotypical black family life would be. The Cosby Show focuses on what it is like to be pregnant and go through labor and delivery pains in dealing with real life situations. The show also focuses on a happy married life and the problems that can arise within a family. I never knew how smooth jazz could be until I had seen an episode of the Cosby Show. Going to college is a dream that most people try to achieve. Until I had watched the Cobsy Show I was never really informed on what it would be like to go to college. I never knew there were prominent black colleges and universities. I think that being able to have a good television show that shows real life examples of life is what helps make this a graet society to live in, the Cosby Show is that show. Once in a while the show highlighted musical guest usually jazz and blues artists. Three was an episode where BB King guest starred and showed America how he helped his guitar â€Å"Lucile†. The Cosby Show is an example of if you put your mind to it you can do anything, and today America knows that.

Passive and Active Students

People go to school to get an education. What individuals make of school is what they are going to take with them when they are on there own and for the rest of their life. There are two different types of students, passive and active. Attitude, the amount of energy you put into your classes, and the quality of work determines the type of student you are going to be. Attitude is the first element that determines the quality of a student. A passive student is almost always negative. Normally his or her attitude is that they have something better to do then study; they just do not care about how well they do in the class. Often passive students tend to think that when they receive a poor grade, it is because the teacher does not like them. On the other hand an active student has a very positive attitude. He or She is a â€Å"go getter? often optimist always looking for the best in every situation. They try to learn as much as possible about what they are studying. The second component that helps determine the type of student is the amount of energy he or she puts into their work for their classes. A passive student is lazy. Since he or she†s attitude is poor, they tend to put only enough energy in to just get by. An active student does just the opposite they always study. They have their priorities straight. They make the time to study instead of going out and having fun. Such as not going out with their friends when they know that a quiz or test is coming up. They are usually willing to help others. Finally, the quality of work also determines the type of student. A passive student often turns in poor and unfinished work. He or She does not take time to fully understand the directions, so in turn the assignment will not meet the instructor†s standards. An active student tries His or Her best to turn in complete work on time. They strive for top-quality work, which they are proud of. By striving for good work that is what gets them a good grade. The type of student you are can be a major decision for the rest of your life. If you at a young age develop good study habits and really care about your work then you will benefit from it for the rest of your life. Not only when you are in highschool is this important, but if you continue into higher education. I am sure that it is everyone†s goal to be an active student. But it is all up to the student, hopefully He or She will realize how important it is. Knowing and learning the components that it takes to be either a passive or active student. Passive and Active Students People go to school to get an education. What individuals make of school is what they are going to take with them when they are on there own and for the rest of their life. There are two different types of students, passive and active. Attitude, the amount of energy you put into your classes, and the quality of work determines the type of student you are going to be. Attitude is the first element that determines the quality of a student. A passive student is almost always negative. Normally his or her attitude is that they have something better to do then study; they just do not care about how well they do in the class. Often passive students tend to think that when they receive a poor grade, it is because the teacher does not like them. On the other hand an active student has a very positive attitude. He or She is a â€Å"go getter? often optimist always looking for the best in every situation. They try to learn as much as possible about what they are studying. The second component that helps determine the type of student is the amount of energy he or she puts into their work for their classes. A passive student is lazy. Since he or she†s attitude is poor, they tend to put only enough energy in to just get by. An active student does just the opposite they always study. They have their priorities straight. They make the time to study instead of going out and having fun. Such as not going out with their friends when they know that a quiz or test is coming up. They are usually willing to help others. Finally, the quality of work also determines the type of student. A passive student often turns in poor and unfinished work. He or She does not take time to fully understand the directions, so in turn the assignment will not meet the instructor†s standards. An active student tries His or Her best to turn in complete work on time. They strive for top-quality work, which they are proud of. By striving for good work that is what gets them a good grade. The type of student you are can be a major decision for the rest of your life. If you at a young age develop good study habits and really care about your work then you will benefit from it for the rest of your life. Not only when you are in highschool is this important, but if you continue into higher education. I am sure that it is everyone†s goal to be an active student. But it is all up to the student, hopefully He or She will realize how important it is. Knowing and learning the components that it takes to be either a passive or active student.

Critical incident management operations based on an actual disaster Research Paper

Critical incident management operations based on an actual disaster event - Research Paper Example A disaster is an accidental and devastating event that occurs suddenly, causing adverse social and economic impacts in the population or environment it occurs. The effects may include physical injury, deaths, loss and damage on property, emotional and physical hardship, and obliteration of physical infrastructure as well as failure of operational and administrative systems. Before and during a disaster, emergency responders have to intervene to save lives, property and minimize the adverse effects caused by the disaster. However, the uncertainty or infrequency of disasters poses very great challenge for these responders to ascertain the effectiveness of their response strategies (Donahue & o’Keefe, 2007). Consequently, responders usually use various methods and experiences to enhance the manner they respond to similar disasters in the future. This paper will examine aspects of planning, response, recovery as well as mitigation during disasters and the manner the country can improve its response capabilities. The Three Mile high nuclear accident and Hurricane Agnes in the 1979 prompted President Carter and the Congress to establish the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) as well as the Emergency Management Council (EMC). This aimed at consolidating the responsibilities for disaster preparedness performed by the different federal agencies to one single agency (Mener, 2007). This came out of the belief that it was going to eliminate the communication and the fragmentation difficulties seen during the earlier disasters. With this order from the executive, all federal agencies that had responsibilities and capabilities of providing response during disasters to co-operate with FEMA. It also provided FEMA with the task of ensuring co-ordination in disaster preparedness and aid operations. Nevertheless, the

What is CRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

What is CRM - Essay Example In addition, a well-managed customer relations system provides the corporate management with the important data about the customer so that the organization can move forward. Indeed, such tools as email organizers and helpdesk software can help in the management of customers since customers are the nerve center of any corporate system. Drawing from my own personal and professional experiences, I can categorically give the MacDonald’s as a good example where customer relations manager has worked well over the years. In this business, the management always engages the customers through various marketing strategies before receiving frequent feedbacks to improve quality. On the other hand, several small and medium scale companies especially those run by one person usually lack the department of customer relations management thereby having some challenges in the effective interacting with customers. For instance, some local manufacturing companies may never advertise their products or services well hence losing many customers or experiencing a fall in profits. This is majorly because there is no institution put in place to address the welfare of the customers. Therefore, customer relations management is an instrumental part of any corporation and it would only be wise in all companies employ it in their manageme nt

Challenges in recovery of mental health client Essay

Challenges in recovery of mental health client - Essay Example The depiction in the text is protected and the inferences are not aimed at anyone whatsoever. The paper is a reflection of study on the addictions in the country. The victim of the study is fictitious and used based on education with reference to drug abuse. Addictions are resultant to the use of substance initially pleasurable but the continued use becomes obsessive and hampers with ordinary life errands like work and health or relationships. When out of control, it affects the people around you directly or indirectly (Taite & Scharff, 2013, 25). Ms. M has been in the country for 30 years as an illegal immigrant after getting into the country through the Mexican border with the aim of making a good life in the land of opportunities. This client is 46 years of age, and Latina of descent. She started working as a bartender at a local bar near her residence before she had become an addict of the substances. She is a mother of two children one who died from an OD and the other daughter is stable and working for the government and isolated herself from the habits of her mother. She blames the mother for the death of her sister. Her drug abuse led her into debt and bad choices where she lost her home and a place to leave (Rassool, & Gafoor, 2007). She has been struggling in the streets of New York moving from shelter to shelter. She no longer works and has to scavenge for a drug handout from the dealers who give her under the regulations (Boyd, 2007). Ms. M came to the center to apply for rehabilitation after opting to find refuge to the prevalent case of drug abuse in the life she leads. MS. M is began to express her thought in the life she leads was not very sustaining as pertains to the age she was now. Her social life has been dysfunctional since she started to consume many different drugs with the aim of getting high. She gradually graduated from the simple marijuana to cocaine and went into the use of crystal meth. The abuse of drugs has made Ms. M looks older than actually is since the drugs are taking most of her money and little goes into her health. She does not have any medical insurance. She asserts that she is determined to get help ad has enrolled in a local hospital after being rejected severally. Her emotional detachment from her daughter who is still alive does not seem to bother her since she says she does not want to hurt herself emotionally (Dossey & Keegan, 2009). She has the urge to reconnect but the daughter has not yet agreed to come to terms with the mother. The greatest obstacle M faces are the change in the lifestyle she is used to, now she lives with a dealer who is sometimes the boyfriend and uses the drugs as an advantage to having her do his bid. At times, she is forced to take the drugs since they are flaunted in front of her. She asserts that her devotion is tested by the social circle she dwells (Peabody, 2013). She says that the worst and saddening time of her life was when she would give her body to get a do se of the drug and that would always lead to her getting raped by the dealers. Ms. M has been struggling with the addiction from abuse of drugs and specifically crystal meth, which she was hooked on recently. She has the courage to overcome the drug abuse and the social circles that make her life miserable. The use of crystal meth was the last option she had after her struggle with cash proved stronger. Present issues M has been using the drug for more than 20 years where she had drug

George W. Bush Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

George W. Bush - Essay Example This made an impact on the life of the young Bush. He also traveled far and wide soliciting donations and help from powerful people. (nurture) As a young boy, he was wise-cracking and strong-willed. This is due to his upbringing. He comes from a clan who is well-regarded in society. His constant companions were boys who belonged to politically-influential families and the elite in society. He was carefree, one time he was caught for painting a mustache in his face while in Music class. But he was a leader, President of his class and involved a lot in extra-curricular activities. Sometimes though, he was a problem to his mother because of some reports from school. As a college senior, Bush became a member of the secretive Skull and Bones, one of the oldest secret student societies in the United States whose past members included prominent personalities. He was described as extremely gregarious, but a notoriously poor dresser, made many friends, bridging the growing divide between the public school graduates who were entering Yale and the "preppies." He became a president of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity and enjoyed parties, drinking, watching and playing football, and dating. He was booked on misdemeanor charge for being part of a prank that involved stealing a Christmas wreath for the frat house. Theories of Personality Freud's theory of personality - the Oedipal complex - works in this stage of the case study. The identification to the father is crucial in the development of the boy - the young Bush had incorporated the moral values and ideals of his president father and has identified himself to him, thus he himself struggled and worked hard to become president himself. As opposed to Freud's theory is the social learning theory which originated from the behavioral writings of Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, and B.F. Skinner. According to this theory, the process of learning is of central importance to personality development. Social learning theorists believe that people are influenced by the situations they are in. Bush was much influenced by the situation he was in. He was a student leader - president of a class - and was involved in activities that would make him a leader and a prominent figure in American politics. This means that his personality was learned from school and the environment. The social learning view of personality is vastly different from that of the psychoanalysis of Freud. Freud's concept of psychoanalysis focused on the unconscious mind, or the developmental states that are of primary importance to psychoanalysis. But social learning theorists focus their study of development in learning. Personality is something that is learned, or, the sum total of all the ways that people learned to act, think and feel. It is called social learning because the process is learned from other people. Personality is no more than learned behavior and that the way to understand personality is simply to understand the processes of learning. To social learning theorists, the key concepts in the study of personality are not the id, ego, and superego, as espoused by Freud, but classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and modeling. The

An address to the Loyal Citizens and Congress of the United States of Essay

An address to the Loyal Citizens and Congress of the United States of America adopted by a convention of Negroes held in Alexand - Essay Example An address to the Loyal Citizens and Congress of the United States of America adopted by a convention of Negroes held in Alexandria, Virginia, from August 2 to 5, 1865 This document was written by the African Americans who were once slaves and who had survived the chaos of the American Civil War. These Americans are from a slave state. The first thing once is see is how well the document was written. It is written in formal English and appears to be something which a lawyer would write. One would have to say the document reflects the high education level that some African Americans had gained in spite of the hostile atmosphere of racism that surrounded them. This address underlined the participation and sacrifice of African Americans in the Civil War. It notes that there were 200,000 black soldiers participating. Their undying devotion to the Northern Union cause was confirmed, the address says, by the exclamations that escaped Northern prisoners shouted, whenever they saw a black fa ce. History tells us that after the Civil War a repressive period toward African Americans followed during the Reconstruction Era. The South had been defeated, but that later came back and re-installed their repressive and brutal control over black people, expressing their racism in every way and manner they could. What is interesting about this document is that the newly freed blacks saw that this was going to happen. They express to the Congress of the United States that the loyalty the former residents speak of was only "lip deep"! This expression is unique for us, showing how words and their uses have evolved. Today we no longer use that expression and one would guess it would be called archaic at present. But the expression is full of knowledgeable insight. One must look at the quoting of numbers. The people who wrote the document were fully aware of the strength of the south, of how many of the rebels had been paroled or given amnesty. With such insight, their claim that there will be "unfriendly legislation" - which they quoted to make the term sand out, and setbacks in what the North had accomplished for black people, stands clear and well spoken of. The purpose of the document draws clear. The African Americans were asking for the right to vote before the southern voters re-kindled and passed racist laws. (Congress would later pass the 15th Amendment in 1869 given African American males the right to vote. It would be ratified in 1870). They provided several arguments. One argument was that they will be able to distinguish between a traitor and a loyal man. They pointed to how 12,000 black voters helped Governor Seymour return to his position in New York, along with another politician. This argument, then, addressed the political needs of the Democratic party at that time. But more important was that the African American contingent pointed out that with possession of the ballot, they would be able to protect themselves. Another interesting archaic word phrase came up. They were looking for an equal chance to protect themselves against the "white traitors varnished and japanned," they say, made again citizens with the oath of amnesty. The African Americans assume that the northern whites had faith with them and hence could not deny them the vote. But was this true? Did whites have faith in the blacks? What is very interesting is that this appeal also shows the atmosphere of mistrust that seem to float around all involved parties. It was no cakewalk, after the Civil War. Abraham Lincoln had made the move of emancipation after the War had started and late into it, 1863. Even his move reflected the hesitant nature of American politics. Lincoln probably knew that attitudes had to be given time to change and that at the time he issued the Emancipation Proclamation, that it was the best time to do over a weak South. But the Appeal shows how the black people knew that the Southerners were still not ready. They had still not changed their minds and were still racist. In the paragraph before last, the African Ameri

Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change - Article Example Oil-burning automobiles and other forms of transportation vehicles are the primary source of air pollution, creating about 60% of the CO2 in the air (California Air Resources Board).   In addition to CO2, these vehicles also emit carbon monoxides (CO), hydrocarbons (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), all of which contribute to global warming (Energy Information Administration).   All of these chemicals function as filters that trap the heat energy from the sun within the planet's atmosphere and cause the earth's temperature to rise on a global scale. But it isn't just the air that is affected by greenhouse gases causing climate change - the oceans are affected as well, contributing to changes in our weather patterns. The ocean acts as a natural filter for CO2 and other naturally-occurring atmospheric gases. Unfortunately, the naturally occurring levels have long been outweighed by human activity, overwhelming the natural system's balance and ability to process.   The oceans, which have been the earth’s natural filter, are now being forced to continually absorb higher concentrations of greenhouse gases than they naturally can handle (Miller).   As the water warms with the rising air temperatures and with its own collection of greenhouse gases, it becomes less capable of absorbing greenhouse gases, leaving them in even higher quantities in the air.   These warmer waters also have the effect of helping the ice caps melt, leading to rising water levels and warmer seas.   Additionally, increased air and water temperatures will increase.... All of these chemicals function as filters that trap the heat energy from the sun within the planet's atmosphere and cause the earth's temperature to rise on a global scale. But it isn't just the air that is affected by greenhouse gases causing climate change - the oceans are affected as well, contributing to changes in our weather patterns. The ocean acts as a natural filter for CO2 and other naturally-occurring atmospheric gases. Unfortunately, the naturally occurring levels have long been outweighed by human activity, overwhelming the natural system's balance and ability to process. The oceans, which have been the earth’s natural filter, are now being forced to continually absorb higher concentrations of greenhouse gases than they naturally can handle (Miller). As the water warms with the rising air temperatures and with its own collection of greenhouse gases, it becomes less capable of absorbing greenhouse gases, leaving them in even higher quantities in the air. These war mer waters also have the effect of helping the ice caps melt, leading to rising water levels and warmer seas. Additionally, increased air and water temperatures will increase the atmospheric water vapor through evaporation. This means the resulting precipitation will be proportionately higher and in different places than it has been in recorded history. Cloud compositions will change which will further amplify the greenhouse effect (Miller). This also leads to greater numbers of violent hurricanes and tropical storms. While rising sea levels may not seem all that bad, the effects of more powerful tidal forces and encroaching water can be devastating. â€Å"The tide comes and goes like clockwork, but if we continue to watch and

Real Leadership essay on a person Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Real Leadership on a person - Essay Example Ahmed Mohammed Jumaa Alhanaey is the leader of the company, ZDKO and it is under his guidance that the company has been capable of attaining the desired level of success in the marketplace. When the person was asked as to what influenced him to be a leader, he replied that his previous job instilled lots of confidence within him. He learnt the leadership traits from his previous boss. Ahmed Mohammed Jumaa Alhanaey demonstrated many instances when he had been effective as a leader in the previous job assignments. This motivated him to be leader. It has been found that this leader has been capable of effectively dealing with the challenges that the company faced. In the interview with the leader it was identified that development of the vision and then identifying the vision turning into reality is one of the significant qualities of the leader (Klein & Et. Al., â€Å"Dynamic Delegation†). The leader of ZDKO describes himself as a passionate and dedicated human being. Ahmed Mohammed Jumaa Alhanaey has worked with a company named Etisalat for three years where he had experienced most of the leadership attributes that helped him in his future days. He demonstrated the fact that promoting consultation, unity and open communication with the followers are the pre-requisites for successful companies. Ahmed Mohammed Jumaa Alhanaey revealed that most of the troubles can be eradicated in any company if the leader is capable of maintaining good relation with his followers. In an organisation people belonging to different culture work together. Managing these diverse group tends to be the biggest challenge for the leaders according to Ahmed Mohammed Jumaa Alhanaey. The managers are also faced with the issues relating to wider social, political, cultural, ethical and business representation. Cross cultural issues have been a significant problem in ZDKO. Successful are the leaders who are capable of

International Commercial Arbitration Law Assignment

International Commercial Arbitration Law - Assignment Example The paper tells that an international commercial arbitration has been an element of study owing to some of the unique features it is associated with. In the era of globalization, the volume of disputes between parties in trade has increased significantly, and often the judgment provided by the local jurisdiction fails to satisfy the parties to the action. The delay in the procedure of judgment also hampers trade activities between them and becomes significant in determining market conditions. International commercial arbitration tries to solve a few of these problems by providing a mutual solution to the issues on the basis of judgment provided outside the legal framework of either country. In matters of international arbitration, the agreement covering arbitration has gained importance over the years. The method of international arbitration is widely popular for resolving disputes that arise from international commercial agreements and a wide variety of international relationships. The main advantage of international arbitration lies in the fact that parties originating from different backgrounds of culture and legal framework can resolve disputes without the consideration and formalities of the legal systems of their respective countries. Other advantages of international arbitration include the fact that it allows the avoidance of uncertainty and the practices associated with local courts regarding the procedure of litigation so that quick and efficient decisions can be reached and the dispute resolved within a short time. The process of international arbitration also grants a high amount of flexibility to the parties in the process of designing the arbitral procedures. In casesof international commercial transactions, the parties have various choices in including mechanisms for resolving disputes that arise under the contract. If a party in the arbitration remains silent for a period of time, then the disaffected party can initiate legal proceedings in a co urt and can attain jurisdiction over the other with ease (Redfern, 2005: 15). International Commercial Arbitration International commercial arbitration tends to resolve disputesinvolving commercial contracts under the guidance and supervision of a number of international institutions and bodies framing international rules. The popular bodies that deal with the issues are the International Chamber of Commerce and the International Centre for Dispute Resolution. Most of these bodies use the â€Å"terms of reference† to summarize the claims and issues of the disputes in a particular procedure, and this is then signed by the parties before the start of the legal proceedings. One of the important characteristics of international commercial arbitration is that thearbitrators try to mitigate disputes before moving to the courts. The decision imposed by international commercial arbitration is binding on both parties. Another attraction of international commercial arbitration is that distrust of foreign legal systems often influences the parties in the action, as does the anticipated cost of using such legal systems. However, switching to international commercial arbitration reduces these types of risks considerably. Arbitrators have significant

Strange New Land Essay Example for Free

Strange New Land Essay Strange New Land, offers a seemingly vast view of the presence of African Americans in present day North America. Mr. Wood describes the harsh and often brutal fate of African Americans during the colonization of America. Exploring Chapter 1, allowed me to view the way different cultures took advantage of not only African Americans, but Native Americans as well. Native Americans were invaded by Spanish settlers, taken into slavery and forced to live with harsh living conditions. Settlers exposed them to a vast number of diseases, and tricked other Native Americans into agreements, in which they were starved, made to live in the cold, and which ultimately led to the death of many of them. Native Americans were resistant to being overtaken and fought back to protect their people and their land. Spanish settlers needed more laborers to cultivate new land, and explore additional regions for settlement. Spanish Conquerors like Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon sent out to find laborers in Western Europe. During his search, he found that Europeans that practiced Christianity did not believe in exploiting its people. In return, the Catholic Church, did however, not mind the exploit of non-Christians to Spanish Settlers. As groups resisted fiercely, they looked to other options in which they could gain access to the slave trade. African Americans to my surprise came as a third resort. Spanish settlers wanted to gain access to the dreams of gold and silver told to be lying within the American soil. However African Americans would prove to be more valuable than just for labor. Spanish Speaking Africans such as Gomez and Esteban were great explorers and go-between people when asked to settle what is now the state of New Mexico. Being intermediaries between the Native Americans and Spanish settlers, they showed the resourcefulness that Africans held during the colonization of America. As I continue to discover how Africans came about to be in America, I was intrigued to learn that the basis of slavery were not limited to race at all. Religion played the most important role in colonization of America, as well as people becoming enslaved. If you were not of Christian belief system, then you were subject to being enslaved. From Mr. Woods accounts, he told of how even John Smith was enslaved for a period of time. And that the bases of slavery were defined upon much greater tools. Heredity was significant in the slavery system, because children of former slaves are said to have been born into slavery. The only thing I can account the Spanish settlers for, was that they didn’t enslave their people for life, as well as the Dutch. Many of their slaves lives the lives of settlers, they just were required to be laborers, because of their religion. At any time it shows within his text that they could have been released from slavery with the submission of their religio n. The earliest definitions of slavery presented a great amount of problems, which the slave-owners did not agree too. Rhode Island defined slavery as a period of 10 years, and not a lifetime commitment. Christian religious groups would allow other slaves to become converted to their religion to once again regain their freedom. The readily number of slaves were beginning to decline, so now new guidelines would be put in place to ensure that the slave-owners would keep laborers all the time. This part of the 17th century would mark the beginning of when race became the solemn factor of how Africans would become and remain enslaved. This is the shift in African history that everyone would feel and become a part of. Africans held two surprisingly different fates. Those that were released to Latin America had better conditions than those located in North America. But life in North America for Africans would see a dramatic shift as the laws and rules progressed. Slave codes were laws that basically took away all rights of Africans living in North America. This would serve as a permanent handicap for Africans for almost two centuries. Then the colonist took a dramatic horrible step used in the states as well as the colonies. Dehumanizing. This would be the greatest contributor of racism in the United States. This Law passed in Virginia in 1705, would allow English Colonist to treat Africans as property, disregard their feelings or wellbeing, and deny them of basic human rights. And these practices would carry over well into the 20th century.

Harrison Bergeron Essay Example for Free

Harrison Bergeron Essay Is the conception of equality with gender, economic status, and talents truly achievable or simply a myth? The idea and possibility of equality appeals human’s emotional nature. It’s everyone ideal image and vision of how the world should be. However, can equality in every aspect potentially handicap one who’s potentially gifted? In the passage, â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† by Kurt Vonnegut (1961), he creates a strictly equitable society. In this â€Å"utopian† society, each person is treated equally despite each person’s characteristics or talents. Those who could be considered gifted or highly intelligent receive handicaps. One cannot compete, and display the talents or beauty granted to them at birth. Every individual is normal and rendered below-average in intelligence, strength, and ability. Concept 1: Characteristics of Giftedness The federal Elementary and Secondary Education Act defines gifted and talented students as â€Å"Students, children, or youth who give evidence of high achievement capability in areas such as intellectual, creative, artistic, or leadership capacity, or in specific academic fields, and who need services and activities not ordinarily provided by the school in order to fully develop those capabilities. [Title IX, Part A, Definition 22. (2002)] (www. nagc. org ). However, there are other definitions of giftedness from other pioneers of gifted education. There are common characteristics and attributes of gifted individuals. However, gifted individuals are not one and the same. These characteristics may vary depending on the individual’s cultural background, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and domain of giftedness (i. e. artistic, musical, dramatics, etc). Various empirical studies have been completed in regards to identifying common characteristics of students who are gifted. The characteristics have been subdivided into intellectual/academic, affective and emotional, and creative. The following academic characteristics are recurring but not limited to: early and rapid learning, rapid language development as a child, superior language ability, academic dominance, superior analytic ability, keen observation, advanced reasoning/problem solving, extrapolates knowledge to new situations, long attention span, communication skills, and a well-developed memory. The affective and emotional characteristics of students who are gifted include: high career ambitions, expanded awareness, over excitability, strong mpathy, moral thinking, reflectiveness, independent, inquisitive, perfectionism, excessive self-criticism, and nonconformity. Creative characteristics of a gifted student include: imaginative, creative, solves problems, and preference for novelty (Karnes Stephens, 2008). Throughout the story â€Å"Harrison Bergeron†, both Harrison and his father George, are above average, and Harrison is considered a genius. Harrison is a fourteen-year-old, who possesses intelligence so immense that he is arrested â€Å"on suspicion of plotting to overthrow the government. Harrison harbors superior academic ability, and thinking that is abstract, complex, logical and insightful. Harrison had the heaviest handicaps, and outgrew hindrances faster than the H-G team could construct them. Yet again, this demonstrates his high-level thinking skills and ability to solve problems. Harrison is unusually strong and athletic as well, and was exactly seven feet tall. Harrison demonstrates his incorrigible strength by tearing his straps guaranteed to support five thousand pounds. Harrison’s superior academic ability, ability to analyze, nonconformity, and rebellious demeanor affected his socially, academically, and emotionally. He was isolated from his family and friends due to his intelligence. This separation affected him socially and emotionally. However despite the separation and confinement, he was still resilient. The text stated that he continued to outgrow each hindrance that the H-G men created for him. Academically, Harrison was denied his capability to live up to his true potential. Concept 2: Potential Giftedness The State of Texas defines Gifted and Talented student as, â€Å"someone who gifted AND talented describes a child or a youth, who performs at, or shows the potential for performing at, a remarkably high level of accomplishment when compared to others of the same age, experience, or environment†. Potentially gifted students are those whose talents are emerging but not consistently demonstrated or evident (Rinn, 2011). These students have the capabilities to perform at a higher academic level, but their current academic performance does not display those capabilities. These students hould be provided with opportunities to develop and stimulate their thinking. Their knowledge, skills, and conceptual understanding can be developed through instruction. These students have that ability, must it must be encouraged to drive them to achieve at their â€Å"full† capacity. In the story â€Å"Harrison Bergeron†, every person with above-average knowledge was negated of their â€Å"potential† intelligence, talent, strength, or beauty. Helen, Harrison’s mother was not given a handicap because she was foreseen as normal. In the story Helen states, â€Å"Who knows better’n I do what normal is? (Vonnegut, 1961, pg. 1) However, she could be potentially gifted, but sub-par performance and normalcy was the norm. The story also implies the strong resemblance of Diana Moon Glampers, the Handicapper General with Hazel. Both were â€Å"normal† without a handicap. There was not an attempt to elevate them from average to above average. An individual can have the potential to perform well if encouraged or prodded. The ballerina in the story had the potential to defy gravity. However, she would have never tapped into that potential if Harrison had not prompted her. Having the potential to be gifted can affect you emotionally, socially and academically. The ballerina had the potential to be graceful, beautiful and strong, yet she was handicapped of those abilities in order to be equal to the others. The ballerina had to be conscious of her abilities in order to fit in with the others. Being self-conscious also affects you emotionally. You’re constantly criticizing yourself and holding back, in order to seem â€Å"normal†. Concept 3: Highly Gifted Highly gifted individuals are those that have an IQ score of about 145 or higher, or three standard deviations above the mean. Highly gifted individuals may also be referred to as exceptionally gifted or profoundly gifted (Rinn, 2010). The population of highly gifted students are small, as few as 1 in every 1000. Those who are highly gifted display characteristics such as: early mastery of gross motor skills, superb memory, intense interest areas, keen attention span, early mastery of verbal and written language, advanced logical thinking skills, extreme sensitivity to the feeling of others, and a vivid imagination (Karnes Stephens, 2008, pg. 118). These students have a great need for precision and exhibit a range of their cognitive abilities. These students also have the ability to make the simple, complex. This ability differs in a moderately gifted student and a highly gifted student. Harrison Bergeron, would be considered as highly gifted. Harrison possessed such a vast intelligence that he was arrested â€Å"on suspicion to overthrow the government†. Harrison is much more intelligent, physically capable, and appealing to the eyes in comparison to the rest of society. Harrison’s ability to tear the harnesses off his body and carry three hundred pounds of weight signifies his physical abilities. He defies the laws of gravity and the laws of motion by leaping high enough to touch the thirty-foot ceiling. Harrison had the capability to outsmart the hindrances of those the H-G men constructed. Using the model of everyone being the same/equal, places a limitation on highly gifted student’s intellectual growth. This can cause issues in their psychological well-being. These limitations had an emotional affect on Harrison. Because he was arrested and isolated from the rest society, he decided to cause a rebellion and name himself as Emperor. After breaking into the studio Harrison declares, â€Å"Even as I stand here crippled, hobbled, sickened – I am a greater ruler than any man who ever lived! Now watch me become what I can become! † (Vonnegut, 1961, pg. 2) He was physically caged and mentally caged, which caused him despair. Concept 4: Multiple Intelligences The Multiple Intelligence Theory, developed by Howard Gardner, proposes that intelligent behavior does not arise from a single unitary quality of mind, but are generated from separate metamorphical pools of mental energy (Karnes Stephens, 2008). This theory suggests there are eight different types of intelligence. Those intelligences include, linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal and naturalist. An individual may display strengths in one area and weaknesses in a different area. Linguistic intelligence enables individuals to read, write, and speak well. Logical-mathematical intelligence encompasses logical thinking as well as mathematical and scientific problem solving. Spatial intelligence is displayed when an individual has the capacity to perceive the visual-spatial world accurately and to perform transformations on one’s initial perceptions. Musical intelligence allows one to produce and appreciate rhythm and pitch, as well as appreciate musical expression. Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence is the ability to control one’s body movements and to handle objects skillfully. Interpersonal intelligence is the capacity to discern and respond appropriately to the moods, temperaments, motivations, and desires of other people. Intrapersonal intelligence is the ability to access to one’s own feelings and the ability to discriminate among one’s emotions. Naturalist intelligence is the ability to recognize patterns in nature and differences among natural objects and life forms (Karnes Stephens, 2008, 44-45). Harrison Bergeron displayed various intelligences of the Multiple Intelligence Theory. He displayed bodily-kinesthetic strength by jumping thirty feet into the air. He was also able to tear the harness and straps that were guaranteed to support five thousand pounds. In addition to having bodily-kinesthetic strength, he demonstrated logical-mathematical intelligence as well. He was able to problem solve by eluding others. He also exhibited interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligence. He knew the desire of the ballerina, and knew of his inner hunger to break away from the â€Å"chains† of the government. He yearned for freedom and power. The Multiple Intelligence’s that Harrison exhibited impacted his emotions. He longed to be free of handicaps, and establish himself as Emperor. His rebellious nature wanted to force others to break the law and be free of their handicaps. He demonstrated this with the ballerina and musicians. After announcing himself as Emperor, he selected an Empress.  This demonstrates his need to intermingle with others. Concept 5: Triatric Theory The triatric theory proposes that intelligent behavior arises from a balance between analytical, creative, and practical abilities and that these abilities function collectively to allow individuals to achieve success within particular sociocultural contexts (Karnes Stephens, 2008, pg. 44). The analytical abilities allow the individual to assess, analyze, compare, and contrast information. Creative abilities allow the individual to generate invention, discovery, and other creative endeavors. Lastly, practical abilities connect each facet together by enabling the individual to generalize in the appropriate setting. In order to have successful intelligence the individual must utilize their strengths, and simultaneously compensate their weaknesses in any of the areas. The central feature of the triatric theory is adaptability both within the individual and the individual s sociocultural context (Karnes et. al, 2008). There are three subtheories of this model, called mechanisms. The individual must first have the competence to learn to do things. The second involves both planning the act, as well as the necessary steps. The final mechanism involves implementing the action. In the story, Harrison illustrates the triatric theory. He exhibits strengths in the areas of analyzing and practicality. He is able to evaluate, analyze, compare and contrast. He demonstrates his analytical ability when the band begins to play. He realizes that in the beginning they aren’t playing to their full ability, and forcefully demands they play as he asked. The text states, â€Å"He listened gravely, as though synchronizing their heartbeats with it† (Vonnegut, 1961, pg. 3) This portion of the story validates his emotions. He again makes decisions based on his current feelings. He’s angry when the band plays mediocre and joyful when he determines the music is to his liking. His vast intelligence of music and dance is manifested during this particular part as well. He knows the appropriate beat and synchronization of the music. Concept 6: Galton’s Hereditary Genius British psychologist Francis Galton, investigated the work of Charles Darwin and the theory of natural selection. Darwin believed that natural selection applies to the mental traits because of the inherited changes of brain structure. Galton reported that eminence ran within family. In his study, approximately 10% of the eminent individuals had at least one relative who was also eminent. Galton concluded that intellectual characteristics must also have a hereditary origin. He furthered his researched and concluded that the human race could be improved through selective breeding, coined as eugenics. He hypothesized that society could evolve in a positive direction if eminent individuals could be encouraged to intermarry and produce large numbers of children. This suggested the opposite for those with mental defects. In â€Å"Harrison Bergeron†, above-average individuals were given handicaps so every individual would be considered equal in society. George, Harrison’s father had above-average intelligence. He bears multiple governmental handicaps in order to repress his intelligence, especially his ability to analyze. Every twenty seconds, the transmitter would send out a sharp noise to disrupt his train of thought, and to keep him from thinking at a higher level. Based on Galton’s study, Harrison is highly gifted based on hereditary origins. Harrison would fall into that 10% of eminence. George’s traits were passed on to Harrison, even though Harrison’s abilities are exponential. This example would affect the academic intelligence of the individual. Because George, Harrison’s father possessed above-average intelligence, Harrison received those traits. Therefore, his eminent intelligence is passed down. George was able to analyze before the handicap, essentially those traits were inherited, and therefore Harrison is able to analyze effectively. Concept 7: Twice Exceptional Twice exceptional individuals are those who are both gifted and have a learning disability (Rinn, 2008). These individuals can be grouped into four categories: (a) identified gifted students whose learning disability is undiagnosed, (b) identified learning disabled students whose giftedness is unrecognized, (c) students whose giftedness and disabilities are both identified, and (d) the student whose giftedness and disability have both been recognized (Karnes Stephens, 2008, pg. 121). Twice-exceptional students are characterized as having advanced reasoning skills and the ability to generalize. These students are also intelligent, impulsive, fail to complete assignments, poor study skills, and are highly motivated in areas of interest. In the story, it’s an abstract thought that those who are gifted are receiving a handicap, and now they are deemed as learning disabled. The announcer in the story also had a speech impediment. He was not able to deliver the important news because of the impediment. Harrison displays some of the characteristics of a twice exceptional individual. Harrison is intelligent, impulsive, and has advanced reasoning skills. His impulsiveness and demonstrated when he escapes from jail and declares himself as Emperor. Individuals who are twice exceptional experience frustration when they aren’t able to be successful. Their self-efficacy must be encouraged. Academically, these students may have various learning styles. Concept 8: Fluid Intelligence Fluid abilities drive the individual’s ability to think and act quickly, solve novel problems, and encode short-term memories. This intelligence can be described as the source of intelligence when that individual doesn’t know what to do. Fluid abilities are the individual’s biological components. Fluid abilities change with age (Karnes Stephens, 2008, pg. 43). Fluid intelligence is the ability to think and reason abstractly and solve problems. This ability is considered independent of learning, experience, and education. Examples of the use of fluid intelligence include solving puzzles and coming up with problem-solving strategies (http://psychology. about. com/od/cognitivepsychology/a/fluid-crystal. htm). In this story, Harrison displays his fluid intelligence by his ability to act quickly. He is able to escape from jail. He is also able to reason abstractly and solve problems. He solved the problem of the band not playing correctly, even though he was rather rough. George also demonstrated fluid intelligence, even though it was marred due to the handicap. These examples demonstrate academic intelligence. Being able to complete an activity, when you don’t know what to do is a true source of intelligence and common sense. Concept 9: Crystallized Intelligence Crystallized intelligence represents intentional learning. Crystallized intelligence is the knowledge you gain through instruction. Crystallized intelligence is learning from past experiences. This type of knowledge is based upon facts. Crystallized intelligence is the ability to use skills, knowledge, and experience. It should not be equated with memory or knowledge, but it does rely on accessing information from long-term memory. Crystallized intelligence is indicated by a persons depth and breadth of general knowledge, vocabulary, and the ability to reason using words and numbers. It is the product of educational and cultural experience in interaction with fluid intelligence. Harrison demonstrates crystallized intelligence when he used his prior knowledge of music. He knew the synchronization of beats, and the proper way the music should be conducted. He also used his prior knowledge of dancing, when he danced with the ballerina. Crystallized intelligence along with fluid intelligence work together to create academic knowledge for both long and short-term memories. Both are factors in the ‘G’ Theory. Concept 10: PASS Theory In Das and Neglieri’s PASS theory, intelligence is divided into four interrelated cognitive processes, planning, attention-arousal, simultaneous processing, and successive planning (Karnes Stephens, 2008, p. 45). This theory centers around planning. Planning is the ability to make decisions about how to solve problems and perform actions. Essentially information can be processed in multiple ways through the use of planning. It involves setting goals, anticipating consequences, and using feedback. Planning also involves attention-arousal, simultaneous processing, and successive processing. Attention-arousal allows the individual to focus on one component, and not be distracted by others. Simultaneous processing allows the individual to integrate certain stimuli into an interrelated whole. Information can be processed multiple ways through internal and external sources. In this story, Harrison’s actions revolved around planning. He planned his escape from jail. After escaping from jail, he was determined to let the world know that he was the new emperor, and was essentially causing a rebellion. His goal was to free everyone from the chains of oppression. This example hypothetically affected his emotions more so than academics. His goal was to be free of the handicaps and rule the world. He yearned for power, and power stems from emotion.

The Business Strategies Of Tesco And Asda Marketing Essay

The Business Strategies Of Tesco And Asda Marketing Essay Porters Five Forces: Named after Michael E. Porter this model identifies and analyses five competitive forces that helps in determination of an organisations strengths and weaknesses. These forces include According to classical economics rivalries between companies must drive profits to zero because of the threat of substitutes. General substitution is able to reduce demand for a particular product, as there is a threat of consumers switching to the alternatives (Porter M. 1980). For example, if Tescos competitor ASDA provides substitutes for their goods then this will drive the price of groceries down for customers of both companies. Buyer power forces prices down. Fortunately the market is disciplined and they have a disciplined approach to price setting which prevents them from destroying each other in a profit war. Bargaining power of supplier may have implications for Tesco and ASDA. Supplier power is demonstrated by suppliers demand that they are paid a certain price for their goods. If retailers dont agree they dont get the goods to sell. But large supermarkets like Tesco and ASDA have an overwhelming advantage over the small shopkeeper. These supermarkets can dictate the price they pay the supplier. If the supplier does not agree they will be left with a much smaller market for their products. The new competitor factor of porter model also does not have much adverse implications on already established supermarket chains like Tesco and ASDA In fact they put up a lot of barriers to entry either implicitly or explicitly. For instance, Tesco may have cornered the market for some specific goods which the new supermarket will not be able to find cheap, reliable suppliers. Tesco and ASDA also has the advantage of economies of scale. They buy goods in bulk or in large volumes thereby considerably lowering the price they pay to suppliers per-item. A new small supermarket chain not well established can only buy a relatively small volume of goods and that will be at much higher rates. Porter theorized that the more products that become standardized or undifferentiated, the lower the switching cost, and hence, more power is yielded to buyers (Porter M. 1980). Tescos Clubcard remains the most successful tool in customer retention strategy and is highly effective in dealing with this problem of bargaining power of customers. PEST ANALYSIS FOR TESCO Political Factors Tesco with its massive operations on global scale is highly influenced by the political and legal conditions of host countries. For employment legislations, the government encourages retailers to provide a mix of job opportunities from flexible, lower-paid and locally-based jobs to highly-skilled, higher-paid and centrally-located jobs (Balchin, 1994). Economic Factors These factors mostly affect demands, cost, and profits and thus have implications for Tesco. They are largely beyond the control of Tesco, but their effects can be profound. Tesco is expected to do well internationally but is highly dependent on UK markets and any slowdown may have adverse affect on Tescos performance. Social Factors Changing shopping trends indicate shift towards one-stop and bulk buying to accommodate this Tesco has increased the number of non-food items available. Changes in population demographic and eating habits means retailers are focusing on products with added-value. Technological Factors The launch of the Efficient Consumer Response (ECR) initiative provided the shift that is now apparent in the management of food supply chains (Datamonitor Report, 2003). Tesco has fully integrated new technologies like intelligent scale, electronic labelling, self check-out machine with its operations. The use of Electronic Point of Sale (EPoS), Electronic Funds Transfer Systems (EFTPoS) and electronic scanners have greatly improved the efficiency of distribution and stocking activities, with needs being communicated almost in real time to the supplier (Finch, 2004). SWOT ANALYSIS FOR TESCO Strengths 1. Increased market share: Tesco already holds major share in the world market and because of strong fundamentals and multi-format will continue to do so. Their main strategy of attracting more customers through various methods like Tesco Clubcard has been very affective in winning customers long term loyalty. 2. Insurance: In fiscal 2003 Tesco Personal Finance became the fastest growing motor insurance provider by crossing the important mark of one million motor insurance policies. 3. Tesco online is the worlds biggest online supermarket with operations in more than 270 stores throughout the country. 4. Brand value: Tesco has a strong brand image, associated with its good quality, trustworthy goods representing excellent value. 5. Tesco has continued to develop a successful strategy to maintain its market leadership position. Weaknesses 1. Tescos high dependence on the UK market may be of concern in future for example, the Morrisons groups takeover of Safeway chain may alter the power balance. 2. Debt reduction: Tesco has aggressive expansion plan which leaves little free cash for any other operations. Opportunities 1. Expansion in non-food retail: Tescos telecom is the latest example of how it can expand in non-food retail industry. 2. Expansion into health and beauty; Tesco currently operates 19 stores with opticians and nearly 200 stores with pharmacies. 3. Tescos massive buying power gives it added advantage of economies of scale. 4. Tesco can further develop its revenue stream of online operation. Threats 1. Lower profit margins because of rising raw material costs for food and non food. 2. Structural changes in domestic markets may trigger price war. 3. Wal-Mart/ASDA challenge: Wal-Marts takeover of ASDA threatened Tescos rank as the top UK supermarket. 4. International expansion is good but is expensive and requires heavy investment. PEST ANALYSIS FOR ASDA Political Factors Like any other supermarket ASDA will also be affected by political factors whether they are new legislation regarding taxes or new employment laws. Thus EU enlargement, the euro etc all may have some implications for ASDA. Economic Factors Factors such as national income, recession, inflation may have some adverse affect on the performance of ASDA. Unemployment is the most influential factor on the economy. It lowers the demand for many goods thereby affecting the demand required for production of such goods. Social Factors The type of goods demanded by consumers reflects their social conditioning. One important factor applicable especially in the UK is increasing ageing population which has increased the costs for firms who are committed to pension payments for their employees because of their staff are living longer. ASDA has started to recruit older employees to tap into this growing labour pool. Technological Factors Technology is a major environmental variable which can help in development of many various beneficial processes and methods for cost reduction like improved efficiency in stock control due to bar coding, self scanning products etc. SWOT FOR ASDA Strengths 1. ASDA after its takeover by world giant Wal-Mart has increased its market share considerably and at present is just behind Tesco in UK markets. 2. Major employer in UK markets thus it has a major pool of talented and experienced work force. It has a focused strategy in place for human resource management and development. 3. Well established brand name with strong social image. 4. ASDAs strategies of smart price, price guarantee offer and ASDA direct have really changed the way customers look at them. Weaknesses 1. In comparisons to its competitors ASDA has low market penetration. 2. Lack of smaller superstores to compete with Tesco express, metro etc. 3. Product recalls which not only affects the business financially but also adversely affects the brand name. OPPORTUNITIES 1. ASDA can widen its product range especially non-food retail. 2. Expansion into European markets. With well established management strategies and strong parent firm like Wal-Mart this is the area where it should focus. THREATS 1. Major threat to ASDA is from its competitors especially Tesco mainly being the threat of substitute products available through the competitor stores at lower prices. 2. ASDAs major market is still in UK, so any slowdown or downturn in UK economy may affect ASDA very badly. 3. Consumer tastes and shopping trends are continuously changing. It is important for ASDA to continuously accommodate those changes if they want to keep their competitive edge. 4. Rising labour cost can also cut into ASDAs profits. SCENARIO PLANNING AND GAME THEORY Every organisation in order to develop strategic options and be future prepared needs to anticipate and think through how different options will impact them. Most organisations therefore use scenario planning and game theory to be future prepared. Tesco and ASDA Scenario 1: My way The conditions: Customers have do it yourself attitude. The society and economy is dynamic with consumers requiring more product information therefore the companies would have to continuously invent new methods to maintain their competitive edge. Products and services have undergone major changes with advanced technology like smart packaging that refrigerates individual packaging, fuelled by cells that automatically turn off on the use-by date. (The grocer, 2007). Consumers no longer trust big brands and do business through network of friends causing major change in retail structure with power balance shifting to individuals with high level of consumer trust. Large supermarkets chains like Tesco and ASDA will have to become logistics expert at local level. Scenario two: Sell it to me Customers have do it for me attitude In this scenario there is high customer confidence, good economy and customers trusting big brands and expecting organisations to solve problems for them. Large supermarkets like ASDA and Tesco do not undergo major changes and still dominate. The only major change that comes is the more personalised touch they give to their businesses like customised products based on the customers nutritional or personal requirements. Scenario three: from me to you. Here we have uncertain economy, less prosperity, environmental disasters, climate change. Consumers have do it yourself attitude as they dont trust the government and large organisations. Brand loyalty is almost nonexistent and customers prefer home grown cheaper solutions. Retail structure is badly affected with high street struggling. Scenario four: Im in your hands The economy is shaky, slow growth, debt crisis, with do it for me attitude of customer. Only trusted brands have survived. Development of new technologies is at much slower pace. It is the most favourable situation for Tesco and ASDA with smaller units struggling to survive with them dominating high streets. They enjoy strong customer trust with compulsory loyalty card schemes. (The grocer, 2007). PORTERS DIAMOND We now with the help of Porters diamond try to identify which of Tesco or ASDA is more competitive. Factors Conditions Tesco gained competitive advantage over ASDA through advanced factors mainly by successful technological integration into their business. Tesco has been successful in using these factors to make themselves more attractive to the customers. It was the first to diversify into various other nonretail sectors like mobile phones, insurance, digital entertainment. ASDA although has embraced these changes but by being first Tesco has gained an upper hand over ASDA. Demand Conditions Tesco was the first one to start own-label products. These are highly appreciated and in demand among the main middle class target group of these supermarkets because of low prices and good quality. Unlike ASDA Tesco stores are differentiated into various formats on basis of sizes and location like Tesco extra, Tesco metro, Tesco express making them easily accessible to everyone locally. Related And Supporting Industries Tesco gained advantage in this third attribute by mainly developing new products and selling it to existing customers. Strategy, Structure And Rivalry Tescos cost leadership strategy has given it a competitive edge over ASDA. Tesco is still continuing with its initial approach of pile it high, sell it cheap. Tesco stores in UK are divided into 6 classes depending upon their size, structure and range of products they sold. These size based structure helps it to serve their main target middle class group more effectively than ASDA. VISION MISSION AND GOALS Tesco Mission statement: Creating value for customers, to earn their lifetime loyalty.(Tesco PLC, our values, 2010). Tescos people centred value, our success depends on people both people who shop with us and people who work with us, explains how they would go an extra mile to win the loyalty of their customers and employees. Their Clubcard initiative has been their most successful customer retention strategy by gaining customers loyalty. ASDA Mission statement: To be Britains best value retailer exceeding customers needs.. always Statement of purpose: To save everyone money, everyday. (ASDA, all about us,2008) Thus according to the mission statement they want to become best retailer with priority on the customer satisfaction. ASDA has been working relentlessly towards this aim laying down various strategies to become market leader. One of these strategies as discussed in SWOT analysis is of price guarantee where the customers can easily do an online comparison with other supermarkets and if they are not cheapest then customer gets a printable voucher redeemable at ASDA stores. This along with ASDA smart price strategy shows their commitment towards their mission statement.

Importance of Family in the Short Story, Cakes Essay -- Salvatore La P

Confucius once said, â€Å"The strength of a nation derives from the integrity of the home.† The majority of people across the world deem family as the uttermost important aspect of their life. Family is something that often teaches us moral values, and helps shape the individuals we become later in our lives. In the short story, â€Å"Cakes† Salvatore La Puma conveys the prominence of family in Italian-American immigrant culture in the 1940’s industrial era. La Puma utilizes the first paragraph as mini-ethnography to portray the unity of the Vitale family. The introduction states, That summer he sweated from the humidity which in 1940 everyone in Brooklyn sweated from; then he sweated from the hot ovens at Carlo Amato’s pastry shop in Bensonhurst four or five nights a week; then he sweated from the hot ovens at a pastry shop Downtown every day of the week except on Sunday, when he usually slept until noon. From Downtown, Giovanni Vitale came home at the end of the workday on the BMT subway to his wife, Lisa, to their three kids Anna, Steve, and Johnny. After dinner they would all listen to the Philco. Then Giovanni and the eldest kid, Johnny, eleven, walked three long blocks and two short blocks, past the old people who fanned themselves on the stoops, to Carlo’s shop on Seventeenth Avenue (4). The first paragraph evokes the normal and typical structure of the Italian-American immigrant family in the 1940’s industrial era. In the Vitale family, everyone has their own role. The father, Giovanni Vitale has the duty of working long hours to provide for his family, the mother, Lisa has the role of a homemaker, to make dinner for the family, and the eldest child, Johnny has the dutiful role of helping his father at the pastry shop.... ...ma further underscores the importance of family in Italian American culture. In the final scene in the story, when Carlo dies, Martina comforts Johnny, â€Å"Martina seated herself beside him, put her arms around him, and before he knew what happened his eyes closed and his face went down on her breast where he was held like that.† (6). Recognizing Johnny’s naivety, Martina hugs Johnny in a way that a mother would caress her newborn. An indirect reference is made, where the scene between Martina and Johnny parallels the image where mother Mary is holding baby Jesus. Although Martina is not related to Johnny, her caring and nurturing behavior towards Johnny illustrates the deep and close relationship between Italian Americans By illustrating Martina as a mother figure, La Puma is able to show the familial bond that exists between friends in Italian American culture.

What Is Truth? Essay examples -- Definition Philosophical Philosophy E

What is Truth? Truth exists and is an absolute. Contrary to the mush-minded meanderings of modern educators, truth is not relative. If my truth differs from your truth that can only be because either one or both of us is unaware of the truth and has called something true which is not. Truth must have not the slightest touch of maybe to it. Maybe is dishonesty to truth and if it touches truth, then truth becomes maybe. Truth is more and beyond that which is true. Truth is a concept in philosophy that treats the meaning of true and the criteria by which we judge the truth or falsity in written and spoken statements. For thousands of years, Philosophers have attempted to answer the question â€Å"What is Truth?†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Truth is the quality of being true, and anything that is true is a truth, the concept of truth is uncommonly complex and variable. Thoughts, ideas, beliefs, and opinions are said to be true or false. An idea makes a truth claim and is true when the character of what is thought about upholds its claim. Forms of words or statements are also said to be true or false. This can be explained by saying a set of words is true when it expresses a true thought. â€Å"Truth† should be replaced by the â€Å"facts†, â€Å"reality† or the â€Å"way things are.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Truth is often imagined as consisting in a speaker’s honesty with respect to what he believes. Occasionally truth is rehashed, as in the doctrines of the German philosopher Gottlob Frege. Mohandas Gandhi spoke of â€Å"The Absolute Truth, the Eternal Principle, that is God† and said, â€Å" I worship God as Truth only.† Jesus said, â€Å" I am the Way, and the Truth, and the Life.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  God is truth and the essence of it. All of his ways are truth and all truth stands or falls as it is measured against Him. If we love truth and seek after it, we cannot help but run into the outstretched arms of God. He wants us to know the truth, which is to know him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  God places the truth before us and gives us complete freedom to choose how to respond to the truth. If we turn to God and ask him to instruct us in the truth and to lead us to salvation, we will surely receive that which we ask because our prayer will be in line with God’s desire for us. The word truth is mentioned in the bible 235 times.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Philosopher’s proposed four main theories to answer the â€Å"What is Truth?† question. They are correspondence, pragmatic,... ...he environment, nature, ethnical duties and ideas, or the relation to the divine.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It has been doubted whether knowledge, or known truth, is humanly attainable. The truth is often disagreeable, because it fails to support prejudice or myth. The pursuit of truth tends to be suppressed as a dangerously revolutionary force.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some philosophers reject the question â€Å"What is truth?† with the observation that attaching the claim â€Å"it is true that† to a sentence adds no meaning. The use of the word true is essential when making a general claim about everything, nothing, or something, as in the statement â€Å"most of what he says is true.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Truth is a very simple and handy concept. It is correspondence of a pictorial or symbolic representation to the thing being represented. In the case of a symbolic representation, the correspondence may be massively complicated, but it is nonetheless similar in kind to a simple pictorial representation. Works Cited â€Å"Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 98† on disk. 1993-1997 â€Å"Encyclopedia Americana†, 1986 by Grolier Incorporated â€Å"Philosophy: History and Problems. Samuel Enoch Stumpf, Fifth Edition, New York: McGraw-Hill Inc., 1994

Dialectic of the Union Blockade during the Civil War Essay -- U.S. His

The Civil War in the United States from 1861 to 1865 serves as a dark reminder of how disjointed a nation can become over issues that persistently cause heated debate among party factions. Most students that have taken courses in American history understand the disadvantage possessed by the Confederate States of America as they fought against the powerful Union army for what they perceived as a necessary institution of slavery. Historians have debated over the effectiveness of the blockade and if it was important in creating the failures faced by the Confederate States of America. This debate has generated the contested question of â€Å"Did the Union blockade succeed in the American Civil War?† The blockade, whether considered a success or an absolute failure on the part of the Union, holds grand significance in the history of the United States. The increased development in the Union’s naval department correlates directly with the necessity of possessing ships that cou ld withstand the threat of blockade running. This dialectic will focus on two opposing theses on the matter of how successful the Union blockade was in guaranteeing a victory for the Union. Within â€Å"Reassessment of the Union Blockade’s Effectiveness in the Civil War,† M. Brem Bonner and Peter McCord make an argument for the success of the blockade by assessing statistical data comprised from the efforts of blockade-runners to breach the hindrance caused by the Union. The authors frequently employ the objecting side of the effectiveness argument when discussing the legality of the blockade and the successes some blockade-runners had in smuggling goods in and out of the Confederacy. On the opposing side of the argument, Daniel O’Flaherty condemns the blockade as ineffecti... ...he historian who reviews the event. The Confederates were able to continue blockade running up until the conclusion of the war, while the Union strengthened its navy in order to compensate for the imbalance of ship maneuverability. If the blockade proved completely effective, the supplies Confederate soldiers possessed throughout the war would have unobtainable via blockade running. It would also distort the history of the Civil War to name the blockade as the main reason for the South’s deterioration, when it only aided to existing problems leading to the conclusion to the war after the South’s surrender. Works Cited Bonner, Michael Brem and Peter McCord. "Reassessment of the Union Blockade's Effectiveness in the Civil War." The North Carolina Historical Review (2011): 375-395. O'Flaherty, Daniel. "The Blockade that Failed." American Heritage 6.5 (1955).

The External Environment ( Strategic Management)

Review THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT (STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT) A host of external factors influence a firm’s choice of direction and action, ultimately its organizational structure and internal factors. These factors, which constitute the external environment, can be divided into three interrelated subcategories there are as follows:A. REMOTE ENVIROMENTThe remote environment comprises factors that originate beyond and usually irrespective of any single firm’s operating situation: economic, social, political, technological, and ecological factors.That environment presents firm with opportunities, treats, and constraint; but rarely does a single firm exert any meaningful reciprocal influence.1. Economic FactorsEconomics factors concern the nature and direction of the economy in which a firm operates. Because consumption patterns are affected by the relative affluence of various market segment, in strategic planning each firm must consider economic trend in the segment that affect its industry.2. Social FactorsThe social factors that affect a firm involve the beliefs, values, attitudes, opinions, and lifestyles of persons in the firm’s external environment, as developed from cultural, ecological, demographic, religious, educational, and ethics conditioning. Like other forces in the remote environment, social forces are dynamic, with constant change resulting from the efforts of individuals to satisfy their desires and needs by controlling and adapting to environment factors. One of the most profound social changes in recent years has been the entry of large numbers of women into labor market.Second, social change has been the accelerating interest of consumers and employees in quality-of-life issues. Third, social change has been the shift in the age distribution of population. A consequence of the changing age distribution of the population has been a sharp increase in demands made by a growing a number of senior citizens.3. Political FactorsThe direction and stability of political factors in a major con sideration for managers on formulating company strategy political factors define the legal regulatory parameters within which firm must be operate.Political constraint are placed on firm through fair trade decisions, antitrust laws, tax programs, minimum wage legislation, population and pricing policies, administrative jawboning, and many more actions aimed at protecting employees, consumers, the general public, and the environment. Technological Fact To avoid obsolescence and promote the innovation, a firm must be aware of technological changes that might influence its industry. Technological forecasting can help protect and improve the probability of firm in the growing industries. It alerts strategic managers to both impeding challenges and promising opportunities.4. Ecological FactorsThe term ecology refers to the relationship between human beings and other living things and the air, soil, and water that support them. Threats to our life-supporting ecology caused principally by human activities in an industrial society are commonly referred to as pollution, such as water and land pollution.B. INDUSTRY ENVIRONMENTTo establish a strategic agenda for dealing with these contending currents and to grow despite them, a company must understand how they work in its industry and how they affect the company in its particular situation.How Competitive Force Shape StrategyThe essence of strategy formulating is coping with the competition. In the fight for market share, competition is not manifested only in the other players. Rather, competition in an industry is rooted in its underlying economics, and competitive forces exists that go well beyond the established combatants in a particular industry.Contending ForcesEvery industry has an underlying structure, or a set of fundamental economics and technical characteristics, that gives rise to these competitive forces. A few characteristics are critical to the strength of each competitive force.a. Threat of EntryNew entra nts to an industry bring new capacity, the desire to gain market share, and often substantial resources. There are six major sources of barriers to entry:Economies of Scaledeter entry by forcing the aspirant either to come in on a large scale or to accept a cost disadvantage.Product Differentiationto create high fences around their business, brewers couple brand identification with economies of scale in production, distribution, and marketing.Capital Requirementscapital is necessary not only for fixed facilities but also for customer credit, inventories, and absorbing start-up losses. Cost Disadvantage Independent of Sizeentrenched companies may have cost advantages not available to potential rivals, no matter what their size and attainable economies of scale.Access to Distribution Channels the more limited distribution channels are and more that existing competitors have tied up, obviously the tougher that entry into the industry will be.Government Policycan limit or even foreclose entry to industries, which such as controls as license requirements and limits on access to raw material.b. Powerful SuppliersSuppliers can exert bargaining power on participants in industry by raising prices or reducing the quality of purchased goods and services. A suppliers group is powerful if: – it is dominated by a few companies and is more concentrate than to the industry is sells, – its product is unique or at least differentiated, or if it has built-up switching cost, – it is not obliged to contend with other products for sale to the industry, – it poses a credible threat of integrating forward into the industry’s business, – the industry is not an important customer of the supplier group.Ã' . Powerful buyersA buyers group is powerful if: – it is concentrated or purchases in large volumes, – the products is purchases from the industry are standard or undifferentiated, – the products it purchases from the indus try form a component of its product, – it earns profits, which create great incentive to lower its purchasing cost, – the industry’s product is unimportant to the quality of the buyers ‘ products or services, – the industry’s product does ot save the buyer money, – the buyer pose a credible threat of integrating backward to make the industry’s product.d. Substitute productsSubstitute products that deserve the most attention strategically are those that are subject to trends improving their price-performance trade-off with the industry’s product or are subjected by industries earning high profits.e. Jockeying for PositionThe type of the intense rivalry is related to the presence of a number of factors: competitors are numerous or are roughly equal in size and power, industry growth is slow, the product or service lacks of differentiation or switching costs, fixed costs are high or the product is perishable creating strong temptation, capacity normally is augmented in large increment, exit barriers are high, and the rival are diverse in strategies, origins, and personalities. Industry Boundaries Definition of industry boundaries focuses attention on the firm’s competitors, and helps executives determine key factors for success. And also gives executives another basis on which to evaluate their firm’s goals. In defining industry boundaries is very difficult task.The difficult stems from three sources:1. The evolution of industries over times creates new opportunities and threats,2. industry evolution creates industries within industries, and3.Industries are becoming global in scope.Having developed a preliminary concept of the industry executives flush out its current component. Industry Structure Structural attributes are the enduring characteristics that give an industry its distinctive character. To explaining the variation among industries can doing through examining the variable that industry comprises such are concentration, economies of scale, product differentiation, and barriers to entry.Competitive AnalysisUsually have objectives such are to identify current and potential competitors, to identify potential moves by competitors, and to help the firm devise effective competitive strategies.C. OPERATING ENVIROMENTThe operating environment, also called the competitive or task environment, comprises factors in the competitive situation that affect a firm success in acquiring needed resources or in profitably marketing its goods and services. Competitive Position Assessing its competitive position improves a firm chance of designing strategies that optimize its environmental opportunities.Customer ProfilesDeveloping a profile of a firm’s present and perspective cust omers improves the ability of its managers to plan strategic operations, to anticipate changes in the size of markets, and to reallocate resources so as to support forecast shifts in demand patterns. The traditional approach to segmenting customers is based on customer profiles constructed from geographic, demographic, psychographic, and buyer behavior information. Suppliers Dependable relationship between a firm and its suppliers are essential to the firm’s long-term survival and growth.A firm regularly relies on its suppliers for financial support, services, materials, and equipment. In assessing a firm’s relationship with its suppliers, several factors, other than the strength of the relationships, should be considered. Creditors Because the quantity, quality, price, and accessibility of financial, human, and, material resources are rarely ideal, assessment of suppliers and creditors is critical to an accurate evaluation of a firm’s operating environment. Hum an Resources: Nature of the Labor Market A firm’s ability to attract and hold capable employees is essential to its success.However, a firm’s personnel recruitment and selection alternatives often are influenced by the nature of its operating environment. A firm’s access to needed personnel is affected primarily by three factors: the firm’s reputation as an employer, local employment rates, and the ready availability of people with the needed skills.D. EMPHASIS ON ENVIRONMENT FACTORSThe forces in the external environment are so dynamic and interactive that the impact of any single element cannot be wholly disassociated from the impact of other elements.Strategic managers are frequently frustrated in their attempts to anticipate the environment’s changing influences. Different external elements affect different strategies at different times and with varying influences. The only certainty is that impact of the remote and operating environment will be uncertain until a strategy is implemented. This leads many managers, particularly in less-powerful or smaller firm to minimize long-term planning, which requires a commitment of resources. Instead, they favor allowing managers to adapt to new pressures from environment.The companies that will be entry to business must assessing and consider the external environment of the company that will have potential impact to the company. In assessing the potential impact of changes in the external environment offers a real advantage for the company. It enables decision makers to narrow the range of the available options and to eliminate options that are clearly inconsistent with the forecast opportunities. Environment assessment seldom identifies the best strategy, but it generally leads to the elimination of all but the most promising options.The external environments that must be considered by the companies are remote environment, industry environment, and operating environment. These facto rs are lead how the company doing the business. How they take the opportunities from the external environment factor. And also how they make design of their business strategies is based on the conviction that a company able to anticipate future business condition will improve its performance and profitability. So, the companies assessment of external environment is to anticipate the situation and condition of the company in current and future.

Pros and Cons of Death Penalty

Death Penalties The termination penalty is a controversy discussed by many assure governments in the United States, the 8th amendment in the Bill of Rights is a right that protects citizenry from cruel and unusual penalty. This amendment originally created by our founding fathers has been the main curtilage for this get by some takes look at finis as cruel and unusual punishment while advanced(prenominal)s dont. Though the finding to sentence someone to death is considered acidulous by some judges and juries, on that point have been annoyances and occurrences where a judge feels a death penalty is reasonable.I am against the death penalty, with my knowledge of its pros and cons it seems that the pros are over power by the cons. Criminals who are facing life storytime in prison, crimes of rape, torture, treason, kidnapping, murder, larceny, and perjury. People like these who squeeze out never handle themselves in the recipe world constantly universe dislike back t o prison, or permanently in prison from their beginning sentencing. Although these people impart their own consequences and debts by their punishment, we must(prenominal) likewise help support them with our taxes we pay for their living.However it may sound that we invest more funds paying for their stay in prison rather than their death. In reality, the process of a death penalty is more high-ticket(prenominal) and complex than life without parole. This is so because we must pay for their incarceration, automatic appeals, and federal habeas dealer appeals. This process ends up costing us millions more, millions more that can be utilize to create programs for teenagers to avoid ending up in the same position.People overly accept that the death penalty could decrease pitiful acts because it could frighten people from committing something extreme, which is also incorrect. In my perspective the death penalty does non reach the minds of most evils because a deplorable rare ly imagines he/she could be caught. They pee-pee a belief that they are innate(predicate) enough to outsmart authorities. in that location is other whom holds such anger towards certain crimes that they believe death is a rightful punishment, just death does non undo a crime they have committed. I gauge it would be better for a sad to think and reminisce their conscious.Their death would further put peace in their state of mind and except them from the punishments that prison holds for them. Families harmed by these criminals are sometimes frightened by the thought that theyre persecutor could incline and harm them again, however someone sentenced to life in parole in the unify states has never escaped or been released. There is also a possibility that an honest person could be convicted of a crime they did not commit, even with all our new technology and DNA testing on that point is always a chance of making a mistake.Though there are also pros to the death penalty, my opinion is that it should not be allowed. I say this because it is more high-priced than life in prison being the process is more complex and long. It does not secure the deficiency of crime acts because of criminals confidence that they will not be revealed. Persecuted families are just as secure due to our highly curb and watched prisons. There is also always a possibility we convict the wrong person, these reason lead me to be against the death penalty.

The Effectiveness of Franklin Roosevelt

The Effectiveness of Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal Hannah Mickelson United many States History Hour 4 After suffering three angeles long years of economic hardships, Franklin Roosevelt was elected new president which gave the nation hope of overcoming the awful years of the Great Depression. The New good Deal was Roosevelt’s response to the depression and became effective as soon as he was elected into office. The New Deal what was intended to bring relief, reform, and complete recovery to the country.Although the New Deal did not end the Great Depression, Roosevelt had great success in over reaching his goals of providing relief and economic reform to the nation, but was unsuccessful in deceased providing recovery for the struggling Americans.The presidency is easily the most effective job of the United other States government.The National Recovery Administration as meant to encourage economic cooperation between businesses, government, and labor to achieve economi c progress. The Agricultural Adjustment Administration was an effort to support farmers back into success. Relief how was one of the 3 R’s that was a success during old Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal. The different laws and agencies Roosevelt developed were click all to help the people out of the depression, great but on the way he came up with different different ways for the citizens to feel relief.The usa is rather a whole country from a perspective.

More than 20% of women were unemployed, big but if the women that did work had their real wages lowered a significant amount.If women were raising children, often the oldest male child would how have to go out and find social work to provide for the household. In the sense of reform, Roosevelt was successful by including Negroes in the local government for the first time ever. The New Deal greatly changed the government.The USAs folks must have not failed.The New Deal changed the government into a much larger, more same individual government. Although World War II was the same reason the Great Depression ended, Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal greatly reduced the best worst effects of the depression.After the New Deal ended, Roosevelt was still extremely popular wired and had revived American optimism. When the New Deal ended, the mass unemployment rate had dropped significantly from 12,830,000 to 7,700,000.For ladies, the economic depression made their location in the econ omy worse.

extensive Bibliography McElvaine, Robert. The Great Depression. New York: Times Books, 1947. Print.Lets consider.Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal. 1995-2010 http://wps. ablongman.Generally the market itself provides economic incentives for preserving the grade of land.

shmoop. com/fdr-new-deal/summary. html The relative Effectiveness of Roosevelt’s New Deal. July 29, 2010.Those businesses which are wildly successful in competitive new industries often have.Big industrial companies like aircraft makers and first automobile manufacturers are very cyclical.The thinking in the domain of international finance is returns you wish to boost real danger to raise.

Nevertheless, it can never be helped by merely speaking about it, although there are numerous ways it can be assisted.You will be damned in the event you do, and damned how that you dont.The purpose was designed to keep the great expense of railroad transport reasonable.Decisions are made on a county-by-county foundation of consideration good for financial dependence.

The Castle of Otranto †a Gothic Novel

The citadel of Otranto A b sine qua noniness letter prevarication icon of the backup rapsc each(prenominal) toldion of the guerilla mutation A Dossier by Luisa heaper, Johannes Klein, genus Benzoin Priebst, and Claudia Haack slacken of contents 1. change The mediaeval strainlineal 2. Horace Walpole 2. 1. The animation of Horace Walpole 2. 2. The crapings of Horace Walpole 3. The rook of Otranto A knightly narrative 3. 1. limenway 3. 2. prop whizznt of faces 3. 3. abbreviation of the p group of g pad 3. 4. The fibres approach into address 3. 5. The Character constellation 3. 6. knightly Elements in The citadel of Otranto . Bibliography 1. incoming The mediaeval unexampled In the off install half(a) of the eighteenth cast d feature speed the untrieds program knightly was in the main(prenominal) link up to to the Nordic invaders, the Goths, who were dis homogeneousd because of t re military per paroleatement inhu macrocosm behav ior and t heritor unfor with nestling(p) invasion. consequently bare letter had a uncomplimentary con nonation, which, n constantlythe slight, changed in the nerve of the eighteenth a gobbleric number 6 into a passing gameword beingness related to elfin and wondrous events. The graduation chivalric fiction appe bed in 1764, when Horace Walpole? s The move of Otranto was print.From this epoch on to round 1820 on that bespeak was an plosion of mediaeval pennings, which ab bug out move into addiction, curiously for the young-bearing(prenominal) reviewership, who were appetite for fashionable entertainment. This radiation diagram of inductup henpecked British lit during this plosive speech sound and potentiometer be exposit as a cross amid fabrication and romance, besides encompass bladeplay and poetry. though the black letter reinvigorated had galore(postnominal) critics, it became haply prospering ref termble to the point that it signified morality, beauty, a lack of suit and feudalistic beliefs which patterned, at that magazine, a needle a worry approximately(prenominal)ise to the detailual value of the board of Enlightenment.Consequently, the black letter myth subroutineed as a mirror of eighteenth degree centigrade conventions and values. The g allplacenment issue of this sassy ontogenesis in literary productions implied the b superannuatedness that on that point was a need for unutterable and primordial guides out-of-pocket to the defence mechanism of the legitimateisticity of witch uni variance forces by the groundbreaking enlightened society. So the mediaeval new raise a insubordination against the rife exemplar of edict and unity, which ca employ a lot of stir and was a socially disloyal force for galore(postnominal) a(prenominal) critics. Finally, the occasion? goal was to kindle alarm and terror, and in like manner grandeur, and to even up mass b e reverential. Writers of that current wanted, much(prenominal)over, to bring up up the subscriber? s feelings. This invest could be achieved by the enjoyment of fact elements, which appeargond in close to e real(prenominal) medieval overbold. virtually of these elements atomic number 18 mentivirtuosod pop the stairs. backdrop The bodily function unremarkably administers push through in nearly-nigh und whiz fastness or abbey in a opposed and unrelenting sequence, like the t resterness whiles. bring forward much than, the constructs ar in to a vaster extent causal agencys easy(p) of crypts, catacombs, dungeons, sand trap doors and obscure impedance escape cocks. breeze The air travel of the entire horizontal surface happenms operose and on a lower floorground delinquent to whatsoever dark events as antediluvian prophecies and curses coming full-strength up, hatfuls or new(prenominal) fey occurrences which slightly quantify stinker be eluci discoverd. thither atomic number 18, go on much, extreme point landscapes as thickened forests and sturdy mountains a good deal containing caves. additionally a wondrous breeze is created by the unembellished gloom, shadows, run short or a quiver faecesdle. e operations A medieval overbold of all time contains coercive emotions like pride, anger, regretfulness, surp jump off, and especially, terror. sentimentalist elements like sack out and its a lot sad implications (un genuinety of reciprocation, touch sack outrs, ) argon overly split of m whatsoever chivalric compositions. Characteristics for the instigate agitated emotions ar clamorous and histrionic speeches, as well as scourge and fainting. distressed women a expectant deal women atomic number 18 ladened and threatened, every by phallic relatives or opposite a pay off on men, for casing kings or master copys which argon broadly speaking tyrannical. These women ar ofttimes the main characters, demanded to do aboutthing unsufferable as sweep uping individual they do non relish. after the salient advantage of the black letter fender in the 1790? s, it began to go by in 1820. virtuoso mind for this was the public imitation, so that community became bored and the gothic refreshfuls stereotypes. Moreover, critics pull in been heavy to fancy the gothic apologue as a rich music genre, for which designer it has nigh vanished from European literature. The al near tremendous re fork overatives Horace WalpoleThe move of Otranto (1764) Ann RadcliffeThe Italian or the Confessional of the foreboding(a) Penitents (1797) bloody shame ShelleyFrankenstein (1818) Charles MaturinMelmoth the bird of passage (1820) 2.Horace Walpole 2. 1. The flavour of Horace Walpole Horace Walpole was innate(p) on folk 24 in London, the onward tidings of after on vertex subgenus Pastor Robert Walpole. rumor has it that the eight-year-old stami nate barbarian met horse parsley pontiff during a pass vacation fagged at Cambridge nominate, Twickenham, in 1725. Stages of his didactics take on much(prenominal)(prenominal) famous call as Eton (1727-1734) and mightiness? s College, Cambridge (1735-39). The avocation 2 days of his aliveness were exhausted on the prerequisite gilt turn. Walpole was accomp whatsoever(prenominal) by his school maven, the poet doubting Thomas Gray, and the deuce of them toured France and Italy.When he returned to England in 1741, Walpole could straight take up office, having been select section of fan tan for the family borough Callington in Cornwell duration he was unflustered d provoke abroad. For the future(a) tush of a cytosine Walpole served as an MP in varying constituencies, ahead he in the end retired in 1767. 1747 label the send-off of a womb-to-tomb regression. In this year, Walpole in some(prenominal) casek up ante chamber at strawberry Hill, Twicke nham, and began transforming his waitation into the most(prenominal) storied medieval House in England.In 1757, a per paroleal print tug was set up at hemangioma simplex Hill and Walpole brought out virtually of his own workings by fashion of it. aft(prenominal) the destruction of his nephew in 1791, Horace Walpole succeeded him as fourth part Earl of Orford. He died phoebe bird eld later(prenominal), on knock against 2, 1797. 2. 2. The full treatment of Horace Walpole 1747First take, genus Aedes Walpolianae, a translation of the paintings at Houghton (the family topographic point in Norfolk), create 1751Walpole starts compose his Memoirs, a answer continue until 1791 1758 catalogue of lofty and impressive Authors, 2 vols. 1762Anecdotes of movie in England, 5 vols. (-1780) 1764celestial latitude 24, The go of Otranto print 1768The somber get down (a tragedy) historical Doubts on the sprightliness and find of fag Richard the leash by from the above-listed works, Walpole is cognize for his considerable correspondence. 4000 of his earn wear been preserved. 3. The citadel of Otranto A medieval impertinent 3. 1. world On December 24, 1764, the incline lecturership was presented with The steadyhold of Otranto, a original which gave rise to a new literary genre the chivalric refreshful.Its precedent Horace Walpole ostensibly had non reck self-colorednessd with the ready supremacy of his work. wherefore else would he baffle published the basic-year mutant of it anonymously? In fact, Walpole concealed his physical composition by a so unrivalledr heterogeneous bal singley of the origin and discovery of The stronghold of Otranto. His anguish to the highest degree the response of his novel was basically arrangeed on the diversity of the examine (Otranto 7). ii facial expressions shall be menti id to explain what he meant. Firstly, one of Wal-pole? s major intentions in makeup the book was to lowest the twain kinds of romance, the antediluvian and the modern (Otranto 7), the creator distinguished by conception and improbability, the latter(prenominal) by a more(prenominal) practical(prenominal) manifestation of vivification (Walpole himself used the bourn temper sort of than possible). His aspiration was to counterbalance the 2 disparate approaches by showing batch playing in a inwrought charge temporary hookup being opened to the most unnatural situations. The flake source that curtlyer prevented Walpole from unveil his opus were the super-natural elements contained in the legend ironically passable the very baseingableness for its later fame. however by the time of its matter Walpole could non be convinced(predicate) that the sibylline events most The palace of Otranto would extend to with the cheering of mid-18th century referees. later all, this was the Age of Enlightenment, the halt of parky reason (Letter to Mme du Deffand, 13 stillt 1767, quoted from Otranto x) in which on that point was no space for tads, spectres, views, prophecies and the like eerie phenomena. With his affrights non being support and the confirming receipt of the novel, Walpole brave outly revealed his theme with the demeanor of the game interlingual rendition in April 1765.The randomness fluctuation brought a nonher(prenominal)(prenominal) innovation the supply A Gothic Novel was added to the book, in that respectby providing the marge for a entirely literary discriminate which became very public with readers in the followers decades. Beside the preceding(prenominal) witching(prenominal) elements which kitty be utilize to any Gothic taradiddle at that place atomic number 18 several elements which be unpaired to The fortress of Otranto. atomic number 53 of them piece of tail be comprehend whenever servants and risque characters meet.In writing these conniptions Walpole was stimulate by and imitated other gravid mannequin of English literary hi level, and he freely acquiesces That great obtain of nature, Shakespe ar, was the prey lesson I copied (Otranto 8). And in a nonher passage from the sulfur reading Walpole quarters the function of the domestics in the chase office The simpleness of their behaviour, more or less supporter to nominate smiles, appe ard to me non scarce when non improper, moreover was marked deliberately in that manner. My formula was nature. In my baseborn opinion, the wrinkle in the midst of the empyrean of the one the august characters and the naivety of the other, sets the pathetic of the spring in a stronger light (Otranto 8). Finally, the last aspect to be mentioned is one that is non missing from any interpretation of Walpole? s heart and works. At the end of the predate to the frontmost rendering Walpole writes I result retard the reader not considerableitudinal than to ma ke one in brief remark. though the machine- ry is invention, and the label of the actors imaginary, I gitnot yet intrust that the pes of the account is founded on impartiality.The position is doubtlessly laid in some real fastness. The reason seems frequently, without design, to describe particular(prenominal) parts. The chamber, says he, on the right tidy sum the door on the go absent open the outstrip from the chapel service service to Conrad? s apartment these and other passages are strong presumptions that the motive had some sealed make in his core (Otranto 5-6). This express could well be seen as a induction for Walpole? s sentiency of humour. In fact, the author Walpole himself did turn over a certain building in mind, namely his own domicile, hemangioma simplex Hill. . 2. list of Characters Manfred, Prince of OtrantoHippolita, Princess of Otranto Conrad, their son and heirMatilda, their girl Isabella, in use(p) to Conrad, lady friend of Fred eric, marquis of Vicenza Bianca, the princesses chambermaid Jaquez and Diego, the princes servants Theodore (heir to Alfonso the vertical,)son ofJerome (Count of Falconara,) mendi pott of the perform of St. NicholasTwo knights, Frederic? s experienceA propound A elephantine knight, weirdie of Alfonso the GoodA phantom, refinement of a fresh cave dweller Manfred? s servants, soldiers, wad of the nigh resolution 3. 3. heavyset of the plan The invoice takes perspective in the old move of Otranto, southeastern Italy, in the ripe shopping center Ages. Because of an occult portent, Manfred, master copy of Otranto, fears the declination of his dynasty. later his precisely son Conrads choppy and mysterious destruction on his conjoin day, Manfred intends to blissful Conrads bride-to-be Isabella, which results in her flight from the fortress. Theodore, a mirthful stranger, seems to be gnarly in her escape. Later, Frederic, novice of Isabella, who was recko ned to be wooly-minded in the last crusade, arrives to engage the federal agency over the move.He pretends to be the victoryor of Alfonso, the reason permit shaper of Otranto, who died during the crusade. By oblationing his picturesque young woman Matilda to the challenger, Manfred tries to settle to an governance with Frederic. Frederic should refreshing Matilda and Manfred should go away economise to Isabella. Manfreds wife Hippolita does not swirl a good deal resistance. However, because of change magnitude cabalistic occurrences that incite Frederic of a divination he had been told, he rejects Manfreds offer. Meanwhile, Manfred is nice more and more grabby of Theodore, suspecting him to be Isabella? lover. His jealousy leads to the sad completion of the free rein Manfred, victorious his fille for Isabella, kills her by the way when he discovers her in secret concourse Theodore. Manfred slays his solely heir. end the foretelling, the mammoth g host of Alfonso appears and Manfred resigns his dominion. Theodore? s identity as the accredited heir of Alfonso is revealed and he be succeeds the consistent nobleman of Otranto. 3. 4. The Characters? sort end-to-end the Chapters (Only characters real to the secret plan render been indexed. ) Man-fredHippo- litaCon- radMatil- aIsabel- laTheo- doreJeromeFrede-ricBian- caJaquez + DiegoGiantPhan- tom 1. XXXXXXXX- 2. XX-X- XX-X 3. XXXXXX- 4. XX-XXXXX- 5. XX-XXXXXX-XX 3. 5. The Character contour 3. 6. Hippolita Frederic Jerome Manfred Isabella Theodore Matilda Bianca Manfred + Hippolitamarried he wants to disassociate her she obeys him in everything (exception countenance of the church) Manfred + JeromeM. see the friar, plainly suspects and scorns the man J. exercises the self-confidence of his position and his knowledge of the prophecy Manfred + TheodoreM. suspicion, anger, jealousy, aversion, but keep an eye on T. obedience, transcendence of manners Manfred + Freder ic business-like relationship, trying to come to an governing body Manfred + IsabellaM. she is the object of his zest I. repulsiveness, fear Isabella + Fredericfather and daughter I. conformable child F. considers exchanging her for Matilda Isabella + TheodoreT. a friend in need, adventurous follower I. thankful for the assistance of the peasant T. , later fall in love with the admittedly heir T.Isabella + Matildamutual affection and confidence (like sisters) for some time rivals ( Theodore) Matilda + Theodoretragic love paper Jerome + Theodorefather and son J. paternal love and concern T. less emotional, retains some blank space Jerome + Hippolitathe friar as intimate and adviser H. utilize and obedient Christian Matilda + Biancamistress and maid-servant 3. 6. Gothic Elements in The fastness of Otranto non in the lead the chip interpretation did Horace Walpole admit that he himself wrote the book, which in its sign chance variable had the name The citadel of Otranto, A Story.Translated by William Marshal, Gent. From the maestro Italian of Onuphrio Muralto, canon of the church service of St. Nicholas at Otranto (Otranto 1). plainly it was not forwards the work had been such a success that he admitted that The go of Otranto was in fact a work of fiction and not, as he had claimed in the bring in of the starting time version, which was published in 1764, found in the library of an antediluvian Catholic family in the northeastward of England (First variate 3) and had only been translated.To further tone the point that the legitimate story was base on reality, he adds that though the machinery is invention, and the name of the actors imaginary, I cannot but conceptualize that the fanny of the story is founded on truth (First innovate 5) and proves his curse by giving the reader examples of where he thinks that the original author essential have unconsciously been referring to a special(prenominal) place The chamber, says he, on the right bridge player the door on the left- mountain(a) hand the duration from the chapel to Conrads apartment (Second insert 6). through the preface to the offset printing edition Horace Walpole sets the setting and describes the scene to have happened between 1095, the era of the initial crusade, and 1243, the date of the last, or not long afterwards (First lead 3). main(prenominal) themes of a gothic novel hold old-fashioned prophecies that are approximately forgotten. In this case there are ii which are twain linked to the true heir of Alfonso and gum olibanum the just lord of Otranto.The reader hears the first one already in the sanction dissever where it says, that the fastness and lordship of Otranto should pass from the present family, whenever the real proprietor should be full-size(p) too life-sized to inhabit it (Otranto 15). The next one is more in the sentience of a uncorrupted prophecy Where? er a casque that suits th is sword is found, with perils is thy daughtercompassd round Alfonso? s blood just can pull through the maid, and quiet a long-restless princes subtlety (Otranto79).It is in create verbally and not, as the first one, passed on oraly, but compose on a giant cut which was found furthest-off far away from the rook of Otranto. other be distinction of a gothic novel are mystifying sounds At that nictation the characterization of his grandfather, which hung over the terrace where they had been sitting, verbalise a thickset sigh, and heaved its teat (Otranto 23). Furthermore, there are visions of things that can not peradventure personify It is a giant, I hope he is all change state in armour, for I proverb his foot and part of his leg, and they are as large as the helmet below in the court (Otranto 33).And, most importantly, the one that sets the whole story in motion He beheld his child pelt along to pieces, and well-nigh interred under an coarse helmet, an bl ow times more large than any casque ever make for serviceman being, and shaded with a proportionate touchstone of black feathers (Otranto 17). Further characteristics overwhelm women in distress. Since Hippolita, Manfreds de jure disposed wife, can not concieve any more children, and Conrad has been squeeze by the enormous helmet, Manfred need a male heir and indeed decides to break up Hippolita and to marry IsabellaIsabella, since I cannot defend you my son, I offer you myself (Otranto 23).In the end, every imply that has been stipulation throughout the story is jammed unitedly in a great vision for all the protagonists to see A clack of bonanza at that egregious move the castle to its foundations the reason rocked and the crash of more than lethal(a) armours was perceive idler. The blink of an eye Theo- dore appeared, the walls of the castle behind Manfred were thrown down with a migh- ty force, and form of Alfonso, dilated to an huge magnitude, appe ared in the aggregate of the ruins. discriminate in Theodore, the true heir of Alfonso utter the vision and having pronounce those words, go with by a flak of thunder, it ascended solemnly to- wards heaven, where the clouds leave-taking asunder, he form of nonpareil Nicholas was seen and receiving Alfonso? s shade, they were soon wrapt from mortal eye in a magnificence of glory. The beholders knock down vapid on their faces, acknowledging the churchman willing (Otran- to 108). 4. Bibliography Walpole, Horace. The Castle of Otranto. 1764. Oxford Oxford University Press, 1964.